generalised_newtonian_Tnavier_stokes_elements.h

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// Header file for triangular/tetrahedaral Navier Stokes elements
 
#ifndef OOMPH_GENERALISED_NEWTONIAN_TNAVIER_STOKES_ELEMENTS_HEADER
#define OOMPH_GENERALISED_NEWTONIAN_TNAVIER_STOKES_ELEMENTS_HEADER
 
// Config header
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <oomph-lib-config.h>
#endif
 
 
// OOMPH-LIB headers
#include "generic/Telements.h"
#include "generalised_newtonian_navier_stokes_elements.h"
#include "generic/error_estimator.h"
 
namespace oomph
{
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // NOTE: TRI/TET CROZIER RAVIARTS REQUIRE BUBBLE FUNCTIONS! THEY'RE NOT
  // STRAIGHTFORWARD GENERALISATIONS OF THE Q-EQUIVALENTS (WHICH ARE
  // LBB UNSTABLE!)
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// TCrouzeix_Raviart elements are Navier--Stokes elements with quadratic
  /// interpolation for velocities and positions enriched by a single cubic
  /// bubble function, but a discontinuous linear
  /// pressure interpolation
  //==========================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  class GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement
    : public virtual TBubbleEnrichedElement<DIM, 3>,
      public virtual GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>,
      public virtual ElementWithZ2ErrorEstimator
  {
  protected:
    /// Internal index that indicates at which internal datum the pressure is
    /// stored
    unsigned P_nst_internal_index;
 
 
    /// Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
    /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                                Shape& psi,
                                                DShape& dpsidx,
                                                Shape& test,
                                                DShape& dtestdx) const;
 
    /// Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
    /// w.r.t. to global coords at ipt-th integation point (taken from geometry)
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned& ipt,
                                                        Shape& psi,
                                                        DShape& dpsidx,
                                                        Shape& test,
                                                        DShape& dtestdx) const;
 
    /// Shape/test functions and derivs w.r.t. to global coords at
    /// integration point ipt; return Jacobian of mapping (J). Also compute
    /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
      const unsigned& ipt,
      Shape& psi,
      DShape& dpsidx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dpsidx_dX,
      Shape& test,
      DShape& dtestdx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dtestdx_dX,
      DenseMatrix<double>& djacobian_dX) const;
 
    /// Pressure shape and test functions and their derivs
    /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    inline double dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                                  Shape& ppsi,
                                                  DShape& dppsidx,
                                                  Shape& ptest,
                                                  DShape& dptestdx) const;
 
  public:
    /// Pressure shape functions at local coordinate s
    inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const;
 
    /// Pressure shape and test functions at local coordinte s
    inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                           Shape& psi,
                           Shape& test) const;
 
    /// Unpin all internal pressure dofs
    void unpin_all_internal_pressure_dofs();
 
    /// Return the local equation numbers for the pressure values.
    inline int p_local_eqn(const unsigned& n) const
    {
      return this->internal_local_eqn(P_nst_internal_index, n);
    }
 
  public:
    /// Constructor, there are DIM+1 internal values (for the pressure)
    GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement()
      : TBubbleEnrichedElement<DIM, 3>(),
        GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>()
    {
      // Allocate and a single internal datum with DIM+1 entries for the
      // pressure
      P_nst_internal_index = this->add_internal_data(new Data(DIM + 1));
    }
 
    /// Broken copy constructor
    GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement(
      const GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>& dummy) = delete;
 
    /// Broken assignment operator
    // Commented out broken assignment operator because this can lead to a
    // conflict warning when used in the virtual inheritence hierarchy.
    // Essentially the compiler doesn't realise that two separate
    // implementations of the broken function are the same and so, quite
    // rightly, it shouts.
    /*void operator=(const GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>&) =
      delete;*/
 
 
    /// Number of values (pinned or dofs) required at local node n.
    inline virtual unsigned required_nvalue(const unsigned& n) const
    {
      return DIM;
    }
 
 
    /// Return the pressure values at internal dof i_internal
    /// (Discontinous pressure interpolation -- no need to cater for hanging
    /// nodes).
    double p_nst(const unsigned& i) const
    {
      return this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->value(i);
    }
 
    /// Return the pressure values at internal dof i_internal
    /// (Discontinous pressure interpolation -- no need to cater for hanging
    /// nodes).
    double p_nst(const unsigned& t, const unsigned& i) const
    {
      return this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->value(t, i);
    }
 
    /// Return number of pressure values
    unsigned npres_nst() const
    {
      return DIM + 1;
    }
 
    /// Pin p_dof-th pressure dof and set it to value specified by p_value.
    void fix_pressure(const unsigned& p_dof, const double& p_value)
    {
      this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->pin(p_dof);
      this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(p_dof, p_value);
    }
 
 
    /// Add to the set paired_load_data
    /// pairs of pointers to data objects and unsignedegers that
    /// index the values in the data object that affect the load (traction),
    /// as specified in the get_load() function.
    void identify_load_data(
      std::set<std::pair<Data*, unsigned>>& paired_load_data);
 
    ///  Add to the set \c paired_pressure_data pairs
    /// containing
    /// - the pointer to a Data object
    /// and
    /// - the index of the value in that Data object
    /// .
    /// for all pressure values that affect the
    /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function.
    void identify_pressure_data(
      std::set<std::pair<Data*, unsigned>>& paired_pressure_data);
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(std::ostream& outfile)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(std::ostream& outfile, const unsigned& nplot)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile, nplot);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(FILE* file_pt)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt, n_plot);
    }
 
 
    /// Order of recovery shape functions for Z2 error estimation:
    /// Same order as unenriched shape functions.
    unsigned nrecovery_order()
    {
      return 2;
    }
 
    /// Number of vertex nodes in the element
    unsigned nvertex_node() const
    {
      return DIM + 1;
    }
 
    /// Pointer to the j-th vertex node in the element
    Node* vertex_node_pt(const unsigned& j) const
    {
      return node_pt(j);
    }
 
    /// Number of 'flux' terms for Z2 error estimation
    unsigned num_Z2_flux_terms()
    {
      // DIM diagonal strain rates, DIM(DIM -1) /2 off diagonal rates
      return DIM + (DIM * (DIM - 1)) / 2;
    }
 
    /// Get 'flux' for Z2 error recovery:   Upper triangular entries
    /// in strain rate tensor.
    void get_Z2_flux(const Vector<double>& s, Vector<double>& flux)
    {
#ifdef PARANOID
      unsigned num_entries = DIM + (DIM * (DIM - 1)) / 2;
      if (flux.size() < num_entries)
      {
        std::ostringstream error_message;
        error_message << "The flux vector has the wrong number of entries, "
                      << flux.size() << ", whereas it should be at least "
                      << num_entries << std::endl;
        throw OomphLibError(error_message.str(),
                            OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                            OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
      }
#endif
 
      // Get strain rate matrix
      DenseMatrix<double> strainrate(DIM);
      this->strain_rate(s, strainrate);
 
      // Pack into flux Vector
      unsigned icount = 0;
 
      // Start with diagonal terms
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
      {
        flux[icount] = strainrate(i, i);
        icount++;
      }
 
      // Off diagonals row by row
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
      {
        for (unsigned j = i + 1; j < DIM; j++)
        {
          flux[icount] = strainrate(i, j);
          icount++;
        }
      }
    }
 
 
    /// Full output function:
    /// x,y,[z],u,v,[w],p,du/dt,dv/dt,[dw/dt],dissipation
    /// in tecplot format. Default number of plot points
    void full_output(std::ostream& outfile)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::full_output(outfile);
    }
 
    /// Full output function:
    /// x,y,[z],u,v,[w],p,du/dt,dv/dt,[dw/dt],dissipation
    /// in tecplot format. nplot points in each coordinate direction
    void full_output(std::ostream& outfile, const unsigned& nplot)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::full_output(outfile,
                                                                  nplot);
    }
 
    /// The number of "DOF types" that degrees of freedom in this element
    /// are sub-divided into: Velocity and pressure.
    unsigned ndof_types() const
    {
      return DIM + 1;
    }
 
    /// Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
    /// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
    /// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
    /// of the "DOF types" that this unknown is associated with.
    /// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
    /// scheme has been set up.) Velocity=0; Pressure=1
    void get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
      std::list<std::pair<unsigned long, unsigned>>& dof_lookup_list) const;
  };
 
  // Inline functions
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t. to global
  /// (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
  /// local and global coordinates.
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<
    DIM>::dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& psi,
                                        DShape& dpsidx,
                                        Shape& test,
                                        DShape& dtestdx) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    double J = this->dshape_eulerian(s, psi, dpsidx);
    // The test functions are equal to the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t. to global
  /// (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
  /// local and global coordinates.
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<
    DIM>::dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned& ipt,
                                                Shape& psi,
                                                DShape& dpsidx,
                                                Shape& test,
                                                DShape& dtestdx) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt, psi, dpsidx);
    // The test functions are the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// 2D
  /// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
  /// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
  /// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
  /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
  ///
  /// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
    dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
      const unsigned& ipt,
      Shape& psi,
      DShape& dpsidx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dpsidx_dX,
      Shape& test,
      DShape& dtestdx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dtestdx_dX,
      DenseMatrix<double>& djacobian_dX) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(
      ipt, psi, dpsidx, djacobian_dX, d_dpsidx_dX);
 
    // Set the test functions equal to the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    d_dtestdx_dX.shallow_copy_from(d_dpsidx_dX);
 
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Pressure shape functions
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    psi[0] = 1.0;
    psi[1] = s[0];
    psi[2] = s[1];
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Pressure shape and test functions
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi, Shape& test) const
  {
    // Call the pressure shape functions
    this->pshape_nst(s, psi);
    // The test functions are the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Pressure shape functions
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    psi[0] = 1.0;
    psi[1] = s[0];
    psi[2] = s[1];
    psi[3] = s[2];
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Pressure shape and test functions
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi, Shape& test) const
  {
    // Call the pressure shape functions
    this->pshape_nst(s, psi);
    // The test functions are the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
  /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<
    2>::dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& ppsi,
                                        DShape& dppsidx,
                                        Shape& ptest,
                                        DShape& dptestdx) const
  {
    // Initalise with shape fcts and derivs. w.r.t. to local coordinates
    ppsi[0] = 1.0;
    ppsi[1] = s[0];
    ppsi[2] = s[1];
 
    dppsidx(0, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 0) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(2, 0) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(0, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(2, 1) = 1.0;
 
 
    // Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
    Shape psi(7);
    DShape dpsi(7, 2);
    dshape_local(s, psi, dpsi);
 
    // Allocate memory for the inverse 2x2 jacobian
    DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(2);
 
    // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
    const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi, inverse_jacobian);
 
    // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
    // Eulerian coordinates
    transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian, dppsidx);
 
    // The test functions are equal to the shape functions
    ptest.shallow_copy_from(ppsi);
    dptestdx.shallow_copy_from(dppsidx);
 
    // Return the determinant of the jacobian
    return det;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
  /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<
    3>::dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& ppsi,
                                        DShape& dppsidx,
                                        Shape& ptest,
                                        DShape& dptestdx) const
  {
    // Initalise with shape fcts and derivs. w.r.t. to local coordinates
    ppsi[0] = 1.0;
    ppsi[1] = s[0];
    ppsi[2] = s[1];
    ppsi[3] = s[2];
 
    dppsidx(0, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 0) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(2, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(3, 0) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(0, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(2, 1) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(3, 1) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(0, 2) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 2) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(2, 2) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(3, 2) = 1.0;
 
 
    // Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
    Shape psi(11);
    DShape dpsi(11, 3);
    dshape_local(s, psi, dpsi);
 
    // Allocate memory for the inverse 3x3 jacobian
    DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(3);
 
    // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
    const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi, inverse_jacobian);
 
    // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
    // Eulerian coordinates
    transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian, dppsidx);
 
    // The test functions are equal to the shape functions
    ptest.shallow_copy_from(ppsi);
    dptestdx.shallow_copy_from(dppsidx);
 
    // Return the determinant of the jacobian
    return det;
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the 2D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>>
    : public virtual TElement<1, 3>
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : TElement<1, 3>() {}
  };
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>>
    : public virtual TBubbleEnrichedElement<2, 3>
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : TBubbleEnrichedElement<2, 3>() {}
  };
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 2D CrouzeixRaviart elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<
    FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>>>
    : public virtual PointElement
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : PointElement() {}
  };
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<
    FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>>>
    : public virtual TElement<1, 3>
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : TElement<1, 3>() {}
  };
 
 
  //=============================================================================
  /// Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
  /// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
  /// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
  /// of the DOF that this unknown is associated with.
  /// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
  /// scheme has been set up.)
  //=============================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
    get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
      std::list<std::pair<unsigned long, unsigned>>& dof_lookup_list) const
  {
    // number of nodes
    unsigned n_node = this->nnode();
 
    // number of pressure values
    unsigned n_press = this->npres_nst();
 
    // temporary pair (used to store dof lookup prior to being added to list)
    std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> dof_lookup;
 
    // pressure dof number
    unsigned pressure_dof_number = DIM;
 
    // loop over the pressure values
    for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_press; n++)
    {
      // determine local eqn number
      int local_eqn_number = this->p_local_eqn(n);
 
      // ignore pinned values - far away degrees of freedom resulting
      // from hanging nodes can be ignored since these are be dealt
      // with by the element containing their master nodes
      if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
      {
        // store dof lookup in temporary pair: First entry in pair
        // is global equation number; second entry is dof type
        dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
        dof_lookup.second = pressure_dof_number;
 
        // add to list
        dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
      }
    }
 
    // loop over the nodes
    for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_node; n++)
    {
      // find the number of values at this node
      unsigned nv = this->node_pt(n)->nvalue();
 
      // loop over these values
      for (unsigned v = 0; v < nv; v++)
      {
        // determine local eqn number
        int local_eqn_number = this->nodal_local_eqn(n, v);
 
        // ignore pinned values
        if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
        {
          // store dof lookup in temporary pair: First entry in pair
          // is global equation number; second entry is dof type
          dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
          dof_lookup.second = v;
 
          // add to list
          dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Taylor--Hood elements are Navier--Stokes elements
  /// with quadratic interpolation for velocities and positions and
  /// continous linear pressure interpolation
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  class GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement
    : public virtual TElement<DIM, 3>,
      public virtual GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>,
      public virtual ElementWithZ2ErrorEstimator
 
  {
  private:
    /// Static array of ints to hold number of variables at node
    static const unsigned Initial_Nvalue[];
 
  protected:
    /// Static array of ints to hold conversion from pressure
    /// node numbers to actual node numbers
    static const unsigned Pconv[];
 
    /// Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
    /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                                Shape& psi,
                                                DShape& dpsidx,
                                                Shape& test,
                                                DShape& dtestdx) const;
 
    /// Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
    /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned& ipt,
                                                        Shape& psi,
                                                        DShape& dpsidx,
                                                        Shape& test,
                                                        DShape& dtestdx) const;
 
    /// Shape/test functions and derivs w.r.t. to global coords at
    /// integration point ipt; return Jacobian of mapping (J). Also compute
    /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
    inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
      const unsigned& ipt,
      Shape& psi,
      DShape& dpsidx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dpsidx_dX,
      Shape& test,
      DShape& dtestdx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dtestdx_dX,
      DenseMatrix<double>& djacobian_dX) const;
 
    /// Compute the pressure shape and test functions and derivatives
    /// w.r.t. global coords at local coordinate s.
    /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
    virtual double dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                                   Shape& ppsi,
                                                   DShape& dppsidx,
                                                   Shape& ptest,
                                                   DShape& dptestdx) const;
 
    /// Unpin all pressure dofs
    void unpin_all_nodal_pressure_dofs();
 
    ///  Pin all nodal pressure dofs
    void pin_all_nodal_pressure_dofs();
 
    ///  Unpin the proper nodal pressure dofs
    void unpin_proper_nodal_pressure_dofs();
 
 
  public:
    /// Constructor, no internal data points
    GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement()
      : TElement<DIM, 3>(), GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>()
    {
    }
 
 
    /// Broken copy constructor
    GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement(
      const GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>& dummy) = delete;
 
    /// Broken assignment operator
    /*void operator=(const GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>&) =
      delete;*/
 
    /// Number of values (pinned or dofs) required at node n. Can
    /// be overwritten for hanging node version
    inline virtual unsigned required_nvalue(const unsigned& n) const
    {
      return Initial_Nvalue[n];
    }
 
    /// Test whether the pressure dof p_dof hanging or not?
    // bool pressure_dof_is_hanging(const unsigned& p_dof)
    // {return this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->is_hanging(DIM);}
 
 
    /// Pressure shape functions at local coordinate s
    inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const;
 
    /// Pressure shape and test functions at local coordinte s
    inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                           Shape& psi,
                           Shape& test) const;
 
    /// Which nodal value represents the pressure?
    unsigned p_index_nst()
    {
      return DIM;
    }
 
    /// Pointer to n_p-th pressure node
    // Node* pressure_node_pt(const unsigned &n_p)
    //{return this->Node_pt[Pconv[n_p]];}
 
    /// Return the local equation numbers for the pressure values.
    inline int p_local_eqn(const unsigned& n) const
    {
      return this->nodal_local_eqn(Pconv[n], DIM);
    }
 
    /// Access function for the pressure values at local pressure
    /// node n_p (const version)
    double p_nst(const unsigned& n_p) const
    {
      return this->nodal_value(Pconv[n_p], DIM);
    }
 
    /// Access function for the pressure values at local pressure
    /// node n_p (const version)
    double p_nst(const unsigned& t, const unsigned& n_p) const
    {
      return this->nodal_value(t, Pconv[n_p], DIM);
    }
 
    /// Set the value at which the pressure is stored in the nodes
    int p_nodal_index_nst() const
    {
      return static_cast<int>(DIM);
    }
 
    /// Return number of pressure values
    unsigned npres_nst() const;
 
    /// Pin p_dof-th pressure dof and set it to value specified by p_value.
    void fix_pressure(const unsigned& p_dof, const double& p_value)
    {
      this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->pin(DIM);
      this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->set_value(DIM, p_value);
    }
 
 
    /// Add to the set \c paired_load_data pairs containing
    /// - the pointer to a Data object
    /// and
    /// - the index of the value in that Data object
    /// .
    /// for all values (pressures, velocities) that affect the
    /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function.
    void identify_load_data(
      std::set<std::pair<Data*, unsigned>>& paired_load_data);
 
    ///  Add to the set \c paired_pressure_data pairs
    /// containing
    /// - the pointer to a Data object
    /// and
    /// - the index of the value in that Data object
    /// .
    /// for all pressure values that affect the
    /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function.
    void identify_pressure_data(
      std::set<std::pair<Data*, unsigned>>& paired_pressure_data);
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(std::ostream& outfile)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(std::ostream& outfile, const unsigned& nplot)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile, nplot);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(FILE* file_pt)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt);
    }
 
    /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
    void output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
    {
      GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt, n_plot);
    }
 
    /// Order of recovery shape functions for Z2 error estimation:
    /// Same order as shape functions.
    unsigned nrecovery_order()
    {
      return 2;
    }
 
    /// Number of vertex nodes in the element
    unsigned nvertex_node() const
    {
      return DIM + 1;
    }
 
    /// Pointer to the j-th vertex node in the element
    Node* vertex_node_pt(const unsigned& j) const
    {
      return node_pt(j);
    }
 
 
    /// Number of 'flux' terms for Z2 error estimation
    unsigned num_Z2_flux_terms()
    {
      // DIM diagonal strain rates, DIM(DIM -1) /2 off diagonal rates
      return DIM + (DIM * (DIM - 1)) / 2;
    }
 
    /// Get 'flux' for Z2 error recovery:   Upper triangular entries
    /// in strain rate tensor.
    void get_Z2_flux(const Vector<double>& s, Vector<double>& flux)
    {
#ifdef PARANOID
      unsigned num_entries = DIM + (DIM * (DIM - 1)) / 2;
      if (flux.size() < num_entries)
      {
        std::ostringstream error_message;
        error_message << "The flux vector has the wrong number of entries, "
                      << flux.size() << ", whereas it should be at least "
                      << num_entries << std::endl;
        throw OomphLibError(error_message.str(),
                            OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                            OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
      }
#endif
 
      // Get strain rate matrix
      DenseMatrix<double> strainrate(DIM);
      this->strain_rate(s, strainrate);
 
      // Pack into flux Vector
      unsigned icount = 0;
 
      // Start with diagonal terms
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
      {
        flux[icount] = strainrate(i, i);
        icount++;
      }
 
      // Off diagonals row by row
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < DIM; i++)
      {
        for (unsigned j = i + 1; j < DIM; j++)
        {
          flux[icount] = strainrate(i, j);
          icount++;
        }
      }
    }
 
    /// The number of "DOF types" that degrees of freedom in this element
    /// are sub-divided into: Velocity and pressure.
    unsigned ndof_types() const
    {
      return DIM + 1;
    }
 
    /// Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
    /// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
    /// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
    /// of the "DOF type" that this unknown is associated with.
    /// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
    /// scheme has been set up.) Velocity=0; Pressure=1
    void get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
      std::list<std::pair<unsigned long, unsigned>>& dof_lookup_list) const
    {
      // number of nodes
      unsigned n_node = this->nnode();
 
      // temporary pair (used to store dof lookup prior to being added to list)
      std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> dof_lookup;
 
      // loop over the nodes
      for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_node; n++)
      {
        // find the number of Navier Stokes values at this node
        unsigned nv = this->required_nvalue(n);
 
        // loop over these values
        for (unsigned v = 0; v < nv; v++)
        {
          // determine local eqn number
          int local_eqn_number = this->nodal_local_eqn(n, v);
 
          // ignore pinned values - far away degrees of freedom resulting
          // from hanging nodes can be ignored since these are be dealt
          // with by the element containing their master nodes
          if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
          {
            // store dof lookup in temporary pair: Global equation number
            // is the first entry in pair
            dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
 
            // set dof numbers: Dof number is the second entry in pair
            dof_lookup.second = v;
 
            // add to list
            dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  };
 
 
  // Inline functions
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Number of pressure values
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline unsigned GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::npres_nst() const
  {
    return 3;
  }
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Number of pressure values
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline unsigned GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::npres_nst() const
  {
    return 4;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t to
  /// global (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
  /// local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<
    DIM>::dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& psi,
                                        DShape& dpsidx,
                                        Shape& test,
                                        DShape& dtestdx) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    double J = this->dshape_eulerian(s, psi, dpsidx);
    // Test functions are the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t to
  /// global (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
  /// local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<
    DIM>::dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned& ipt,
                                                Shape& psi,
                                                DShape& dpsidx,
                                                Shape& test,
                                                DShape& dtestdx) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt, psi, dpsidx);
    // Test functions are the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
  /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<
    2>::dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& ppsi,
                                        DShape& dppsidx,
                                        Shape& ptest,
                                        DShape& dptestdx) const
  {
    ppsi[0] = s[0];
    ppsi[1] = s[1];
    ppsi[2] = 1.0 - s[0] - s[1];
 
    dppsidx(0, 0) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(0, 1) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(1, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 1) = 1.0;
 
    dppsidx(2, 0) = -1.0;
    dppsidx(2, 1) = -1.0;
 
    // Allocate memory for the inverse 2x2 jacobian
    DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(2);
 
 
    // Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
    Shape psi(6);
    DShape dpsi(6, 2);
    dshape_local(s, psi, dpsi);
 
    // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
    const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi, inverse_jacobian);
 
    // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
    // Eulerian coordinates
    transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian, dppsidx);
 
    // Test functions are shape functions
    ptest.shallow_copy_from(ppsi);
    dptestdx.shallow_copy_from(dppsidx);
 
    // Return the determinant of the jacobian
    return det;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
  /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<
    3>::dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double>& s,
                                        Shape& ppsi,
                                        DShape& dppsidx,
                                        Shape& ptest,
                                        DShape& dptestdx) const
  {
    ppsi[0] = s[0];
    ppsi[1] = s[1];
    ppsi[2] = s[2];
    ppsi[3] = 1.0 - s[0] - s[1] - s[2];
 
    dppsidx(0, 0) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(0, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(0, 2) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(1, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(1, 1) = 1.0;
    dppsidx(1, 2) = 0.0;
 
    dppsidx(2, 0) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(2, 1) = 0.0;
    dppsidx(2, 2) = 1.0;
 
    dppsidx(3, 0) = -1.0;
    dppsidx(3, 1) = -1.0;
    dppsidx(3, 2) = -1.0;
 
 
    // Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
    Shape psi(10);
    DShape dpsi(10, 3);
    dshape_local(s, psi, dpsi);
 
    // Allocate memory for the inverse 3x3 jacobian
    DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(3);
 
    // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
    const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi, inverse_jacobian);
 
    // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
    // Eulerian coordinates
    transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian, dppsidx);
 
    // Test functions are shape functions
    ptest.shallow_copy_from(ppsi);
    dptestdx.shallow_copy_from(dppsidx);
 
    // Return the determinant of the jacobian
    return det;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
  /// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
  /// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
  /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
  ///
  /// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::
    dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
      const unsigned& ipt,
      Shape& psi,
      DShape& dpsidx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dpsidx_dX,
      Shape& test,
      DShape& dtestdx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dtestdx_dX,
      DenseMatrix<double>& djacobian_dX) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(
      ipt, psi, dpsidx, djacobian_dX, d_dpsidx_dX);
 
 
    // Set the test functions equal to the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    d_dtestdx_dX.shallow_copy_from(d_dpsidx_dX);
 
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
  /// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
  /// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
  /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
  ///
  /// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::
    dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
      const unsigned& ipt,
      Shape& psi,
      DShape& dpsidx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dpsidx_dX,
      Shape& test,
      DShape& dtestdx,
      RankFourTensor<double>& d_dtestdx_dX,
      DenseMatrix<double>& djacobian_dX) const
  {
    // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
    const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(
      ipt, psi, dpsidx, djacobian_dX, d_dpsidx_dX);
 
    // Set the test functions equal to the shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
    dtestdx.shallow_copy_from(dpsidx);
    d_dtestdx_dX.shallow_copy_from(d_dpsidx_dX);
 
 
    // Return the jacobian
    return J;
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 2D :
  /// Pressure shape functions
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    psi[0] = s[0];
    psi[1] = s[1];
    psi[2] = 1.0 - s[0] - s[1];
  }
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// 3D :
  /// Pressure shape functions
  //==========================================================================
  template<>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    psi[0] = s[0];
    psi[1] = s[1];
    psi[2] = s[2];
    psi[3] = 1.0 - s[0] - s[1] - s[2];
  }
 
 
  //==========================================================================
  /// Pressure shape and test functions
  //==========================================================================
  template<unsigned DIM>
  inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>::pshape_nst(
    const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi, Shape& test) const
  {
    // Call the pressure shape functions
    this->pshape_nst(s, psi);
    // Test functions are shape functions
    test.shallow_copy_from(psi);
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the 2D Taylor_Hood elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>>
    : public virtual TElement<1, 3>
  {
  public:
    /// Constructor: Call constructor of base
    FaceGeometry() : TElement<1, 3>() {}
  };
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the 3D Taylor_Hood elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>>
    : public virtual TElement<2, 3>
  {
  public:
    /// Constructor: Call constructor of base
    FaceGeometry() : TElement<2, 3>() {}
  };
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 2D TaylorHood elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>>>
    : public virtual PointElement
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : PointElement() {}
  };
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
  //=======================================================================
  template<>
  class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>>>
    : public virtual TElement<1, 3>
  {
  public:
    FaceGeometry() : TElement<1, 3>() {}
  };
 
 
} // namespace oomph
 
#endif