Qelements.cc

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// LIC// ====================================================================
// LIC// This file forms part of oomph-lib, the object-oriented,
// LIC// multi-physics finite-element library, available
// LIC// at http://www.oomph-lib.org.
// LIC//
// LIC// Copyright (C) 2006-2023 Matthias Heil and Andrew Hazel
// LIC//
// LIC// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// LIC// modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
// LIC// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// LIC// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
// LIC//
// LIC// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// LIC// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// LIC// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
// LIC// Lesser General Public License for more details.
// LIC//
// LIC// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
// LIC// License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
// LIC// Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
// LIC// 02110-1301  USA.
// LIC//
// LIC// The authors may be contacted at oomph-lib@maths.man.ac.uk.
// LIC//
// LIC//====================================================================
// Non-inline member functions for Qelements
 
// Include the appropriate headers
#include "Qelements.h"
 
namespace oomph
{
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //       1D Qelements
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Assign the static Default_integration_scheme
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Gauss<1, NNODE_1D> QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::Default_integration_scheme;
 
 
  //==================================================================
  /// Return the node at the specified local coordinate
  //==================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Node* QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::get_node_at_local_coordinate(
    const Vector<double>& s) const
  {
    // Load the tolerance into a local variable
    double tol = FiniteElement::Node_location_tolerance;
    // There is one possible index.
    Vector<int> index(1);
 
    // Determine the index
    // -------------------
 
    // If we are at the lower limit, the index is zero
    if (std::fabs(s[0] + 1.0) < tol)
    {
      index[0] = 0;
    }
    // If we are at the upper limit, the index is the number of nodes minus 1
    else if (std::fabs(s[0] - 1.0) < tol)
    {
      index[0] = NNODE_1D - 1;
    }
    // Otherwise, we have to calculate the index in general
    else
    {
      // For uniformly spaced nodes the node number would be
      double float_index = 0.5 * (1.0 + s[0]) * (NNODE_1D - 1);
      // Convert to an integer by taking the floor (rounding down)
      index[0] = static_cast<int>(std::floor(float_index));
      // What is the excess. This should be safe because the
      // we have rounded down
      double excess = float_index - index[0];
      // If the excess is bigger than our tolerance there is no node,
      // return null
      // Note that we test at both lower and upper ends.
      if ((excess > tol) && ((1.0 - excess) > tol))
      {
        return 0;
      }
      // If we are at the upper end (i.e. the system has actually rounded up)
      // we need to add one to the index
      if ((1.0 - excess) <= tol)
      {
        index[0] += 1;
      }
    }
    // If we've got here we have a node, so let's return a pointer to it
    return node_pt(index[0]);
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Shape function for specific QElement<1,..>
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::shape(const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    // Local storage for the shape functions
    double Psi[NNODE_1D];
    // Call the OneDimensional Shape functions
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi);
 
    // Now let's loop over the nodal points in the element
    // and copy the values back in
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      psi[i] = Psi[i];
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<1,..>
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::dshape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                           Shape& psi,
                                           DShape& dpsids) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[NNODE_1D];
    // Call the shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi);
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element and assign to psi
    for (unsigned l = 0; l < NNODE_1D; l++)
    {
      psi[l] = Psi[l];
      dpsids(l, 0) = DPsi[l];
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Second derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<1,..>:
  /// d2psids(i,0) = \f$ d^2 \psi_j / d s^2 \f$
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::d2shape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                            Shape& psi,
                                            DShape& dpsids,
                                            DShape& d2psids) const
  {
    // Local storage for the shape functions
    double Psi[NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[NNODE_1D];
    double D2Psi[NNODE_1D];
    // Call the shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], D2Psi);
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element and assign to psi
    for (unsigned l = 0; l < NNODE_1D; l++)
    {
      psi[l] = Psi[l];
      dpsids(l, 0) = DPsi[l];
      d2psids(l, 0) = D2Psi[l];
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// The output function for general 1D QElements
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile)
  {
    output(outfile, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// The output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile,
                                     const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(1);
 
    // Tecplot header info
    outfile << "ZONE I=" << n_plot << std::endl;
 
    // Find the dimension of the nodes
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Loop over plot points
    for (unsigned l = 0; l < n_plot; l++)
    {
      s[0] = -1.0 + l * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
      // Output the coordinates
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
      {
        outfile << interpolated_x(s, i) << " ";
      }
      outfile << std::endl;
    }
    outfile << std::endl;
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// C style output function for general 1D QElements
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt)
  {
    output(file_pt, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// C style output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<1, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(1);
 
    // Tecplot header info
    // outfile << "ZONE I=" << n_plot << std::endl;
    fprintf(file_pt, "ZONE I=%i\n", n_plot);
 
    // Find the dimension of the first node
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Loop over plot points
    for (unsigned l = 0; l < n_plot; l++)
    {
      s[0] = -1.0 + l * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
 
      // Output the coordinates
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
      {
        // outfile << interpolated_x(s,i) << " " ;
        fprintf(file_pt, "%g ", interpolated_x(s, i));
      }
      // outfile <<  std::endl;
      fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
    }
    // outfile << std::endl;
    fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
  }
 
 
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //       2D Qelements
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
  /// Assign the spatial integration scheme
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Gauss<2, NNODE_1D> QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::Default_integration_scheme;
 
 
  //==================================================================
  /// Return the node at the specified local coordinate
  //==================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Node* QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::get_node_at_local_coordinate(
    const Vector<double>& s) const
  {
    // Load the tolerance into a local variable
    double tol = FiniteElement::Node_location_tolerance;
    // There are two possible indices.
    Vector<int> index(2);
    // Loop over the coordinates and determine the indices
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 2; i++)
    {
      // If we are at the lower limit, the index is zero
      if (std::fabs(s[i] + 1.0) < tol)
      {
        index[i] = 0;
      }
      // If we are at the upper limit, the index is the number of nodes minus 1
      else if (std::fabs(s[i] - 1.0) < tol)
      {
        index[i] = NNODE_1D - 1;
      }
      // Otherwise, we have to calculate the index in general
      else
      {
        // For uniformly spaced nodes the node number would be
        double float_index = 0.5 * (1.0 + s[i]) * (NNODE_1D - 1);
        // Convert to an integer by taking the floor (rounding down)
        index[i] = static_cast<int>(std::floor(float_index));
        // What is the excess. This should be safe because the
        // we have rounded down
        double excess = float_index - index[i];
        // If the excess is bigger than our tolerance there is no node,
        // return null
        // Note that we test at both lower and upper ends.
        if ((excess > tol) && ((1.0 - excess) > tol))
        {
          return 0;
        }
        // If we are at the upper end (i.e. the system has actually rounded up)
        // we need to add one to the index
        if ((1.0 - excess) <= tol)
        {
          index[i] += 1;
        }
      }
    }
    // If we've got here we have a node, so let's return a pointer to it
    return node_pt(index[0] + NNODE_1D * index[1]);
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Shape function for specific QElement<2,..>
  ///
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::shape(const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[2][NNODE_1D];
    // Call the OneDimensional Shape functions
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    // Index for the shape functions
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Now let's loop over the nodal points in the element
    // s1 is the "x" coordinate, s2 the "y"
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        // Multiply the two 1D functions together to get the 2D function
        psi[index] = Psi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        // Incremenet the index
        ++index;
      }
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<2,..>
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::dshape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                           Shape& psi,
                                           DShape& dpsids) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[2][NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[2][NNODE_1D];
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Call the shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], DPsi[1]);
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        // Assign the values
        dpsids(index, 0) = Psi[1][i] * DPsi[0][j];
        dpsids(index, 1) = DPsi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        psi[index] = Psi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        // Increment the index
        ++index;
      }
    }
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Second derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<2,..>:
  /// d2psids(i,0) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_0^2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,1) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_1^2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,2) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_0 \partial s_1 \f$
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::d2shape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                            Shape& psi,
                                            DShape& dpsids,
                                            DShape& d2psids) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[2][NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[2][NNODE_1D];
    double D2Psi[2][NNODE_1D];
    // Index for the assembly process
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Call the shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], DPsi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], D2Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], D2Psi[1]);
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        // Assign the values
        psi[index] = Psi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        // First derivatives
        dpsids(index, 0) = Psi[1][i] * DPsi[0][j];
        dpsids(index, 1) = DPsi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        // Second derivatives
        // N.B. index 2 is the mixed derivative
        d2psids(index, 0) = Psi[1][i] * D2Psi[0][j];
        d2psids(index, 1) = D2Psi[1][i] * Psi[0][j];
        d2psids(index, 2) = DPsi[1][i] * DPsi[0][j];
        // Increment the index
        ++index;
      }
    }
  }
 
 
  //===========================================================
  /// The output function for QElement<2,NNODE_1D>
  //===========================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile)
  {
    output(outfile, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// The output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile,
                                     const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(2);
 
    // Tecplot header info
    outfile << "ZONE I=" << n_plot << ", J=" << n_plot << std::endl;
 
    // Find the dimension of the nodes
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Loop over plot points
    for (unsigned l2 = 0; l2 < n_plot; l2++)
    {
      s[1] = -1.0 + l2 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
      for (unsigned l1 = 0; l1 < n_plot; l1++)
      {
        s[0] = -1.0 + l1 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
 
        // Output the coordinates
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
        {
          outfile << interpolated_x(s, i) << " ";
        }
        outfile << std::endl;
      }
    }
    outfile << std::endl;
  }
 
 
  //===========================================================
  /// C-style output function for QElement<2,NNODE_1D>
  //===========================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt)
  {
    output(file_pt, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// C-style  output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<2, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(2);
 
    // Find the dimension of the nodes
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Tecplot header info
    // outfile << "ZONE I=" << n_plot << ", J=" << n_plot << std::endl;
    fprintf(file_pt, "ZONE I=%i, J=%i\n", n_plot, n_plot);
 
    // Loop over element nodes
    for (unsigned l2 = 0; l2 < n_plot; l2++)
    {
      s[1] = -1.0 + l2 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
      for (unsigned l1 = 0; l1 < n_plot; l1++)
      {
        s[0] = -1.0 + l1 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
 
        // Output the coordinates
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
        {
          // outfile << interpolated_x(s,i) << " " ;
          fprintf(file_pt, "%g ", interpolated_x(s, i));
        }
        // outfile << std::endl;
        fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
      }
    }
    // outfile << std::endl;
    fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
  }
 
 
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //       3D Qelements
  /// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
  /// Assign the spatial integration scheme
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Gauss<3, NNODE_1D> QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::Default_integration_scheme;
 
  //==================================================================
  /// Return the node at the specified local coordinate
  //==================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  Node* QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::get_node_at_local_coordinate(
    const Vector<double>& s) const
  {
    // Load the tolerance into a local variable
    double tol = FiniteElement::Node_location_tolerance;
    // There are now three possible indices
    Vector<int> index(3);
    // Loop over the coordinates
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
      // If we are at the lower limit, the index is zero
      if (std::fabs(s[i] + 1.0) < tol)
      {
        index[i] = 0;
      }
      // If we are at the upper limit, the index is the number of nodes minus 1
      else if (std::fabs(s[i] - 1.0) < tol)
      {
        index[i] = NNODE_1D - 1;
      }
      // Otherwise, we have to calculate the index in general
      else
      {
        // For uniformly spaced nodes the node number would be
        double float_index = 0.5 * (1.0 + s[i]) * (NNODE_1D - 1);
        // Conver to an integer by taking the floor (rounding down)
        index[i] = static_cast<int>(std::floor(float_index));
        // What is the excess. This should be safe because
        // we have rounded down
        double excess = float_index - index[i];
        // If the excess is bigger than our tolerance there is no node,
        // return null. Note that we test at both ends
        if ((excess > tol) && ((1.0 - excess) > tol))
        {
          return 0;
        }
        // If we are at the upper end (i.e. the system has actually rounded up)
        // we need to add one to the index
        if ((1.0 - excess) <= tol)
        {
          index[i] += 1;
        }
      }
    }
    // If we've got here we have a node, so let's return a pointer to it
    return node_pt(index[0] + NNODE_1D * index[1] +
                   NNODE_1D * NNODE_1D * index[2]);
  }
 
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Shape function for specific QElement<3,..>
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::shape(const Vector<double>& s, Shape& psi) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[3][NNODE_1D];
 
    // Call the OneDimensional Shape functions
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], Psi[2]);
 
    // Index for the shape functions
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Now let's loop over the nodal points in the element
    // s1 is the "x" coordinate, s2 the "y"
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        for (unsigned k = 0; k < NNODE_1D; k++)
        {
          /*Multiply the three 1D functions together to get the 3D function*/
          psi[index] = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          // Increment the index
          ++index;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<3,..>
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::dshape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                           Shape& psi,
                                           DShape& dpsids) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[3][NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[3][NNODE_1D];
    // Index of the total shape function
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Call the OneDimensional Shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], Psi[2]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], DPsi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], DPsi[2]);
 
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        for (unsigned k = 0; k < NNODE_1D; k++)
        {
          // Assign the values
          dpsids(index, 0) = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * DPsi[0][k];
          dpsids(index, 1) = Psi[2][i] * DPsi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          dpsids(index, 2) = DPsi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
 
          psi[index] = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          // Increment the index
          ++index;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// Second derivatives of shape functions for specific  QElement<3,..>:
  /// d2psids(i,0) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_0^2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,1) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_1^2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,2) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_2^2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,3) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_0 \partial s_1 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,4) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_0 \partial s_2 \f$
  /// d2psids(i,5) = \f$ \partial^2 \psi_j / \partial s_1 \partial s_2 \f$
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::d2shape_local(const Vector<double>& s,
                                            Shape& psi,
                                            DShape& dpsids,
                                            DShape& d2psids) const
  {
    // Local storage
    double Psi[3][NNODE_1D];
    double DPsi[3][NNODE_1D];
    double D2Psi[3][NNODE_1D];
    // Index of the shape function
    unsigned index = 0;
 
    // Call the OneDimensional Shape functions and derivatives
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::shape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], Psi[2]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], DPsi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], DPsi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::dshape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], DPsi[2]);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[0], D2Psi[0]);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[1], D2Psi[1]);
    OneDimLagrange::d2shape<NNODE_1D>(s[2], D2Psi[2]);
 
    // Loop over shape functions in element
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NNODE_1D; i++)
    {
      for (unsigned j = 0; j < NNODE_1D; j++)
      {
        for (unsigned k = 0; k < NNODE_1D; k++)
        {
          // Assign the values
          psi[index] = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
 
          dpsids(index, 0) = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * DPsi[0][k];
          dpsids(index, 1) = Psi[2][i] * DPsi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          dpsids(index, 2) = DPsi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
 
          // Second derivative values
          d2psids(index, 0) = Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * D2Psi[0][k];
          d2psids(index, 1) = Psi[2][i] * D2Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          d2psids(index, 2) = D2Psi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          // Convention for higher indices
          // 3: mixed 12, 4: mixed 13, 5: mixed 23
          d2psids(index, 3) = Psi[2][i] * DPsi[1][j] * DPsi[0][k];
          d2psids(index, 4) = DPsi[2][i] * Psi[1][j] * DPsi[0][k];
          d2psids(index, 5) = DPsi[2][i] * DPsi[1][j] * Psi[0][k];
          // Increment the index
          ++index;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  //===========================================================
  /// The output function for QElement<3,NNODE_1D>
  //===========================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile)
  {
    output(outfile, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// The output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::output(std::ostream& outfile,
                                     const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(3);
 
    // Tecplot header info
    outfile << "ZONE I=" << n_plot << ", J=" << n_plot << ", K=" << n_plot
            << std::endl;
 
    // Find the dimension of the nodes
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Loop over element nodes
    for (unsigned l3 = 0; l3 < n_plot; l3++)
    {
      s[2] = -1.0 + l3 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
      for (unsigned l2 = 0; l2 < n_plot; l2++)
      {
        s[1] = -1.0 + l2 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
        for (unsigned l1 = 0; l1 < n_plot; l1++)
        {
          s[0] = -1.0 + l1 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
 
          // Output the coordinates
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
          {
            outfile << interpolated_x(s, i) << " ";
          }
          outfile << std::endl;
        }
      }
    }
    outfile << std::endl;
  }
 
 
  //===========================================================
  /// C-style output function for QElement<3,NNODE_1D>
  //===========================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt)
  {
    output(file_pt, NNODE_1D);
  }
 
  //=======================================================================
  /// C-style output function for n_plot points in each coordinate direction
  //=======================================================================
  template<unsigned NNODE_1D>
  void QElement<3, NNODE_1D>::output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
  {
    // Local variables
    Vector<double> s(3);
 
    // Tecplot header info
    fprintf(file_pt, "ZONE I=%i, J=%i, K=%i\n", n_plot, n_plot, n_plot);
 
    // Find the dimension of the nodes
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Loop over element nodes
    for (unsigned l3 = 0; l3 < n_plot; l3++)
    {
      s[2] = -1.0 + l3 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
      for (unsigned l2 = 0; l2 < n_plot; l2++)
      {
        s[1] = -1.0 + l2 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
        for (unsigned l1 = 0; l1 < n_plot; l1++)
        {
          s[0] = -1.0 + l1 * 2.0 / (n_plot - 1);
 
          // Output the coordinates
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
          {
            fprintf(file_pt, "%g ", interpolated_x(s, i));
          }
          fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
        }
      }
    }
    fprintf(file_pt, "\n");
  }
 
 
  //===================================================================
  // Build required templates
  //===================================================================
  template class QElement<1, 2>;
  template class QElement<1, 3>;
  template class QElement<1, 4>;
 
  template class QElement<2, 2>;
  template class QElement<2, 3>;
  template class QElement<2, 4>;
 
  template class QElement<3, 2>;
  template class QElement<3, 3>;
  template class QElement<3, 4>;
 
} // namespace oomph