Demo problem: Large-amplitude shock-wave propagation in a circular disk

Detailed documentation to be written. Here's the already fairly well documented driver code...

//LIC// ====================================================================
//LIC// This file forms part of oomph-lib, the object-oriented,
//LIC// multi-physics finite-element library, available
//LIC// at http://www.oomph-lib.org.
//LIC//
//LIC// Copyright (C) 2006-2023 Matthias Heil and Andrew Hazel
//LIC//
//LIC// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
//LIC// modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
//LIC// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
//LIC// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//LIC//
//LIC// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
//LIC// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
//LIC// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
//LIC// Lesser General Public License for more details.
//LIC//
//LIC// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
//LIC// License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
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//LIC// 02110-1301 USA.
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//LIC// The authors may be contacted at oomph-lib@maths.man.ac.uk.
//LIC//
//LIC//====================================================================
// Driver for large-displacement elasto-dynamic test problem:
// Circular disk impulsively loaded by compressive load.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cmath>
//My own includes
#include "generic.h"
#include "solid.h"
//Need to instantiate templated mesh
#include "meshes/quarter_circle_sector_mesh.h"
using namespace std;
using namespace oomph;
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//================================================================
/// Global variables
//================================================================
{
/// Pointer to constitutive law
ConstitutiveLaw* Constitutive_law_pt;
/// Elastic modulus
double E=1.0;
/// Poisson's ratio
double Nu=0.3;
/// Uniform pressure
double P = 0.00;
/// Constant pressure load
void constant_pressure(const Vector<double> &xi,const Vector<double> &x,
const Vector<double> &n, Vector<double> &traction)
{
unsigned dim = traction.size();
for(unsigned i=0;i<dim;i++)
{
traction[i] = -P*n[i];
}
}
}
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//================================================================
/// Elastic quarter circle sector mesh with functionality to
/// attach traction elements to the curved surface. We "upgrade"
/// the RefineableQuarterCircleSectorMesh to become an
/// SolidMesh and equate the Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates,
/// thus making the domain represented by the mesh the stress-free
/// configuration.
/// \n\n
/// The member function \c make_traction_element_mesh() creates
/// a separate mesh of SolidTractionElements that are attached to the
/// mesh's curved boundary (boundary 1).
//================================================================
template <class ELEMENT>
public virtual RefineableQuarterCircleSectorMesh<ELEMENT>,
public virtual SolidMesh
{
public:
/// Constructor: Build mesh and copy Eulerian coords to Lagrangian
/// ones so that the initial configuration is the stress-free one.
const double& xi_lo,
const double& fract_mid,
const double& xi_hi,
TimeStepper* time_stepper_pt=
&Mesh::Default_TimeStepper) :
RefineableQuarterCircleSectorMesh<ELEMENT>(wall_pt,xi_lo,fract_mid,xi_hi,
time_stepper_pt)
{
#ifdef PARANOID
/// Check that the element type is derived from the SolidFiniteElement
SolidFiniteElement* el_pt=dynamic_cast<SolidFiniteElement*>
(finite_element_pt(0));
if (el_pt==0)
{
throw OomphLibError(
"Element needs to be derived from SolidFiniteElement\n",
OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
}
#endif
// Make the current configuration the undeformed one by
// setting the nodal Lagrangian coordinates to their current
// Eulerian ones
set_lagrangian_nodal_coordinates();
}
/// Function to create mesh made of traction elements
void make_traction_element_mesh(SolidMesh*& traction_mesh_pt)
{
// Make new mesh
traction_mesh_pt=new SolidMesh;
// Loop over all elements on boundary 1:
unsigned b=1;
unsigned n_element = this->nboundary_element(b);
for (unsigned e=0;e<n_element;e++)
{
// The element itself:
FiniteElement* fe_pt = this->boundary_element_pt(b,e);
// Find the index of the face of element e along boundary b
int face_index = this->face_index_at_boundary(b,e);
// Create new element
traction_mesh_pt->add_element_pt(new SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>
(fe_pt,face_index));
}
}
/// Function to wipe and re-create mesh made of traction elements
void remake_traction_element_mesh(SolidMesh*& traction_mesh_pt)
{
// Wipe existing mesh (but don't call it's destructor as this
// would wipe all the nodes too!)
traction_mesh_pt->flush_element_and_node_storage();
// Loop over all elements on boundary 1:
unsigned b=1;
unsigned n_element = this->nboundary_element(b);
for (unsigned e=0;e<n_element;e++)
{
// The element itself:
FiniteElement* fe_pt = this->boundary_element_pt(b,e);
// Find the index of the face of element e along boundary b
int face_index = this->face_index_at_boundary(b,e);
// Create new element
traction_mesh_pt->add_element_pt(new SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>
(fe_pt,face_index));
}
}
};
/// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//======================================================================
/// "Shock" wave propagates through an impulsively loaded
/// circular disk.
//======================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
class DiskShockWaveProblem : public Problem
{
public:
/// Constructor:
/// Run the problem; specify case_number to label output
/// directory
void run(const unsigned& case_number);
/// Access function for the solid mesh
{
return Solid_mesh_pt;
}
/// Access function for the mesh of surface traction elements
SolidMesh*& traction_mesh_pt()
{
return Traction_mesh_pt;
}
/// Doc the solution
void doc_solution();
/// Update function (empty)
void actions_after_newton_solve() {}
/// Update function (empty)
void actions_before_newton_solve() {}
/// Actions after adaption: Kill and then re-build the traction
/// elements on boundary 1 and re-assign the equation numbers
void actions_after_adapt();
/// Doc displacement and velocity: label file with before and after
void doc_displ_and_veloc(const int& stage=0);
/// Dump problem-specific parameters values, then dump
/// generic problem data.
void dump_it(ofstream& dump_file);
/// Read problem-specific parameter values, then recover
/// generic problem data.
void restart(ifstream& restart_file);
private:
// Output
DocInfo Doc_info;
/// Trace file
ofstream Trace_file;
/// Vector of pointers to nodes whose position we're tracing
Vector<Node*> Trace_node_pt;
/// Pointer to solid mesh
/// Pointer to mesh of traction elements
SolidMesh* Traction_mesh_pt;
};
//======================================================================
/// Constructor
//======================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
{
//Allocate the timestepper
add_time_stepper_pt(new TIMESTEPPER);
// Set coordinates and radius for the circle that defines
// the outer curvilinear boundary of the domain
double x_c=0.0;
double y_c=0.0;
double r=1.0;
// Build geometric object that specifies the fish back in the
// undeformed configuration (basically a deep copy of the previous one)
GeomObject* curved_boundary_pt=new Circle(x_c,y_c,r,time_stepper_pt());
// The curved boundary of the mesh is defined by the geometric object
// What follows are the start and end coordinates on the geometric object:
double xi_lo=0.0;
double xi_hi=2.0*atan(1.0);
// Fraction along geometric object at which the radial dividing line
// is placed
double fract_mid=0.5;
//Now create the mesh
curved_boundary_pt,xi_lo,fract_mid,xi_hi,time_stepper_pt());
// Set up trace nodes as the nodes on boundary 1 (=curved boundary) in
// the original mesh (they exist under any refinement!)
unsigned nnod0=solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(0);
unsigned nnod1=solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(1);
Trace_node_pt.resize(nnod0+nnod1);
for (unsigned j=0;j<nnod0;j++)
{
Trace_node_pt[j]=solid_mesh_pt()->boundary_node_pt(0,j);
}
for (unsigned j=0;j<nnod1;j++)
{
Trace_node_pt[j+nnod0]=solid_mesh_pt()->boundary_node_pt(1,j);
}
// Build traction element mesh
solid_mesh_pt()->make_traction_element_mesh(traction_mesh_pt());
// Solid mesh is first sub-mesh
add_sub_mesh(solid_mesh_pt());
// Traction mesh is first sub-mesh
add_sub_mesh(traction_mesh_pt());
// Build combined "global" mesh
build_global_mesh();
// Create/set error estimator
solid_mesh_pt()->spatial_error_estimator_pt()=new Z2ErrorEstimator;
// Fiddle with adaptivity targets and doc
solid_mesh_pt()->max_permitted_error()=0.006; //0.03;
solid_mesh_pt()->min_permitted_error()=0.0006;// 0.0006; //0.003;
solid_mesh_pt()->doc_adaptivity_targets(cout);
// Pin the bottom in the vertical direction
unsigned n_bottom = solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(0);
//Loop over the node
for(unsigned i=0;i<n_bottom;i++)
{
solid_mesh_pt()->boundary_node_pt(0,i)->pin_position(1);
}
// Pin the left edge in the horizontal direction
unsigned n_side = solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(2);
//Loop over the node
for(unsigned i=0;i<n_side;i++)
{
solid_mesh_pt()->boundary_node_pt(2,i)->pin_position(0);
}
//Find number of elements in solid mesh
unsigned n_element =solid_mesh_pt()->nelement();
//Set parameters and function pointers for solid elements
for(unsigned i=0;i<n_element;i++)
{
//Cast to a solid element
ELEMENT *el_pt = dynamic_cast<ELEMENT*>(mesh_pt()->element_pt(i));
//Set the constitutive law
el_pt->constitutive_law_pt() =
// Switch on inertia
el_pt->enable_inertia();
}
// Pin the redundant solid pressures
PVDEquationsBase<2>::pin_redundant_nodal_solid_pressures(
solid_mesh_pt()->element_pt());
//Find number of elements in traction mesh
n_element=traction_mesh_pt()->nelement();
//Set function pointers for traction elements
for(unsigned i=0;i<n_element;i++)
{
//Cast to a solid traction element
SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT> *el_pt =
dynamic_cast<SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>*>
(traction_mesh_pt()->element_pt(i));
//Set the traction function
}
//Attach the boundary conditions to the mesh
cout << assign_eqn_numbers() << std::endl;
// Refine uniformly
refine_uniformly();
refine_uniformly();
refine_uniformly();
// Now the non-pinned positions of the SolidNodes will have been
// determined by interpolation. This is appropriate for uniform
// refinements once the code is up and running since we can't place
// new SolidNodes at the positions determined by the MacroElement.
// However, here we want to update the nodes to fit the exact
// intitial configuration.
// Update all solid nodes based on the Mesh's Domain/MacroElement
// representation
bool update_all_solid_nodes=true;
solid_mesh_pt()->node_update(update_all_solid_nodes);
// Now set the Eulerian equal to the Lagrangian coordinates
solid_mesh_pt()->set_lagrangian_nodal_coordinates();
}
//==================================================================
/// Kill and then re-build the traction elements on boundary 1,
/// pin redundant pressure dofs and re-assign the equation numbers.
//==================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
{
// Wipe and re-build traction element mesh
solid_mesh_pt()->remake_traction_element_mesh(traction_mesh_pt());
// Re-build combined "global" mesh
rebuild_global_mesh();
//Find number of elements in traction mesh
unsigned n_element=traction_mesh_pt()->nelement();
//Loop over the elements in the traction element mesh
for(unsigned i=0;i<n_element;i++)
{
//Cast to a solid traction element
SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT> *el_pt =
dynamic_cast<SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>*>
(traction_mesh_pt()->element_pt(i));
//Set the traction function
}
// Pin the redundant solid pressures
PVDEquationsBase<2>::pin_redundant_nodal_solid_pressures(
solid_mesh_pt()->element_pt());
//Do equation numbering
cout << assign_eqn_numbers() << std::endl;
}
//==================================================================
/// Doc the solution
//==================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
{
// Number of plot points
unsigned npts;
npts=5;
// Output shape of deformed body
ofstream some_file;
char filename[100];
sprintf(filename,"%s/soln%i.dat",Doc_info.directory().c_str(),
Doc_info.number());
some_file.open(filename);
solid_mesh_pt()->output(some_file,npts);
some_file.close();
// Output traction
unsigned nel=traction_mesh_pt()->nelement();
sprintf(filename,"%s/traction%i.dat",Doc_info.directory().c_str(),
Doc_info.number());
some_file.open(filename);
Vector<double> unit_normal(2);
Vector<double> traction(2);
Vector<double> x_dummy(2);
Vector<double> s_dummy(1);
for (unsigned e=0;e<nel;e++)
{
some_file << "ZONE " << std::endl;
for (unsigned i=0;i<npts;i++)
{
s_dummy[0]=-1.0+2.0*double(i)/double(npts-1);
SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>* el_pt=
dynamic_cast<SolidTractionElement<ELEMENT>*>(
traction_mesh_pt()->finite_element_pt(e));
el_pt->outer_unit_normal(s_dummy,unit_normal);
el_pt->traction(s_dummy,traction);
el_pt->interpolated_x(s_dummy,x_dummy);
some_file << x_dummy[0] << " " << x_dummy[1] << " "
<< traction[0] << " " << traction[1] << " "
<< std::endl;
}
}
some_file.close();
// Doc displacement and velocity
doc_displ_and_veloc();
// Get displacement as a function of the radial coordinate
// along boundary 0
{
// Number of elements along boundary 0:
unsigned nelem=solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_element(0);
// Open files
sprintf(filename,"%s/displ%i.dat",Doc_info.directory().c_str(),
Doc_info.number());
some_file.open(filename);
Vector<double> s(2);
Vector<double> x(2);
Vector<double> dxdt(2);
Vector<double> xi(2);
Vector<double> r_exact(2);
Vector<double> v_exact(2);
for (unsigned e=0;e<nelem;e++)
{
some_file << "ZONE " << std::endl;
for (unsigned i=0;i<npts;i++)
{
// Move along bottom edge of element
s[0]=-1.0+2.0*double(i)/double(npts-1);
s[1]=-1.0;
// Get pointer to element
SolidFiniteElement* el_pt=dynamic_cast<SolidFiniteElement*>
(solid_mesh_pt()->boundary_element_pt(0,e));
// Get Lagrangian coordinate
el_pt->interpolated_xi(s,xi);
// Get Eulerian coordinate
el_pt->interpolated_x(s,x);
// Get velocity
el_pt->interpolated_dxdt(s,1,dxdt);
// Plot radial distance and displacement
some_file << xi[0] << " " << x[0]-xi[0] << " "
<< dxdt[0] << std::endl;
}
}
some_file.close();
}
// Write trace file
Trace_file << time_pt()->time() << " ";
unsigned ntrace_node=Trace_node_pt.size();
for (unsigned j=0;j<ntrace_node;j++)
{
Trace_file << sqrt(pow(Trace_node_pt[j]->x(0),2)+
pow(Trace_node_pt[j]->x(1),2)) << " ";
}
Trace_file << std::endl;
// removed until Jacobi eigensolver is re-instated
// // Output principal stress vectors at the centre of all elements
// SolidHelpers::doc_2D_principal_stress<ELEMENT>(Doc_info,solid_mesh_pt());
// // Write restart file
// sprintf(filename,"%s/restart%i.dat",Doc_info.directory().c_str(),
// Doc_info.number());
// some_file.open(filename);
// dump_it(some_file);
// some_file.close();
cout << "Doced solution for step "
<< Doc_info.number()
<< std::endl << std::endl << std::endl;
}
//==================================================================
/// Doc displacement and veloc in displ_and_veloc*.dat.
/// The int stage defaults to 0, in which case the '*' in the
/// filename is simply the step number specified by the Problem's
/// DocInfo object. If it's +/-1, the word "before" and "after"
/// get inserted. This allows checking of the veloc/displacment
/// interpolation during adaptive mesh refinement.
//==================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
const int& stage)
{
ofstream some_file;
char filename[100];
// Number of plot points
unsigned npts;
npts=5;
// Open file
if (stage==-1)
{
sprintf(filename,"%s/displ_and_veloc_before%i.dat",
Doc_info.directory().c_str(),Doc_info.number());
}
else if (stage==1)
{
sprintf(filename,"%s/displ_and_veloc_after%i.dat",
Doc_info.directory().c_str(),Doc_info.number());
}
else
{
sprintf(filename,"%s/displ_and_veloc%i.dat",
Doc_info.directory().c_str(),Doc_info.number());
}
some_file.open(filename);
Vector<double> s(2),x(2),dxdt(2),xi(2),displ(2);
//Loop over solid elements
unsigned nel=solid_mesh_pt()->nelement();
for (unsigned e=0;e<nel;e++)
{
some_file << "ZONE I=" << npts << ", J=" << npts << std::endl;
for (unsigned i=0;i<npts;i++)
{
s[0]=-1.0+2.0*double(i)/double(npts-1);
for (unsigned j=0;j<npts;j++)
{
s[1]=-1.0+2.0*double(j)/double(npts-1);
// Cast to full element type
ELEMENT* el_pt=dynamic_cast<ELEMENT*>(solid_mesh_pt()->
finite_element_pt(e));
// Eulerian coordinate
el_pt->interpolated_x(s,x);
// Lagrangian coordinate
el_pt->interpolated_xi(s,xi);
// Displacement
displ[0]=x[0]-xi[0];
displ[1]=x[1]-xi[1];
// Velocity (1st deriv)
el_pt->interpolated_dxdt(s,1,dxdt);
some_file << x[0] << " " << x[1] << " "
<< displ[0] << " " << displ[1] << " "
<< dxdt[0] << " " << dxdt[1] << " "
<< std::endl;
}
}
}
some_file.close();
}
//========================================================================
/// Dump the solution
//========================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
{
// Call generic dump()
Problem::dump(dump_file);
}
//========================================================================
/// Read solution from disk
//========================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
{
// Read generic problem data
Problem::read(restart_file);
}
//==================================================================
/// Run the problem; specify case_number to label output directory
//==================================================================
template<class ELEMENT, class TIMESTEPPER>
const unsigned& case_number)
{
// If there's a command line argument, run the validation (i.e. do only
// 3 timesteps; otherwise do a few cycles
unsigned nstep=400;
if (CommandLineArgs::Argc!=1)
{
nstep=3;
}
// Define output directory
char dirname[100];
sprintf(dirname,"RESLT%i",case_number);
Doc_info.set_directory(dirname);
// Step number
Doc_info.number()=0;
// Open trace file
char filename[100];
sprintf(filename,"%s/trace.dat",Doc_info.directory().c_str());
Trace_file.open(filename);
// Set up trace nodes as the nodes on boundary 1 (=curved boundary) in
// the original mesh (they exist under any refinement!)
unsigned nnod0=solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(0);
unsigned nnod1=solid_mesh_pt()->nboundary_node(1);
Trace_file << "VARIABLES=\"time\"";
for (unsigned j=0;j<nnod0;j++)
{
Trace_file << ", \"radial node " << j << "\" ";
}
for (unsigned j=0;j<nnod1;j++)
{
Trace_file << ", \"azimuthal node " << j << "\" ";
}
Trace_file << std::endl;
// // Restart?
// //---------
// // Pointer to restart file
// ifstream* restart_file_pt=0;
// // No restart
// //-----------
// if (CommandLineArgs::Argc==1)
// {
// cout << "No restart" << std::endl;
// }
// // Restart
// //--------
// else if (CommandLineArgs::Argc==2)
// {
// // Open restart file
// restart_file_pt=new ifstream(CommandLineArgs::Argv[1],ios_base::in);
// if (restart_file_pt!=0)
// {
// cout << "Have opened " << CommandLineArgs::Argv[1] <<
// " for restart. " << std::endl;
// }
// else
// {
// cout << "ERROR while trying to open " << CommandLineArgs::Argv[1] <<
// " for restart." << std::endl;
// }
// // Do the actual restart
// pause("need to do the actual restart");
// //problem.restart(*restart_file_pt);
// }
// // More than one restart file specified?
// else
// {
// cout << "Can only specify one input file " << std::endl;
// cout << "You specified the following command line arguments: " << std::endl;
// CommandLineArgs::output();
// //assert(false);
// }
// Initial parameter values
// Initialise time
double time0=0.0;
time_pt()->time()=time0;
// Set initial timestep
double dt=0.01;
// Impulsive start
assign_initial_values_impulsive(dt);
// Doc initial state
doc_solution();
Doc_info.number()++;
// First step without adaptivity
unsteady_newton_solve(dt);
doc_solution();
Doc_info.number()++;
//Timestepping loop for subsequent steps with adaptivity
unsigned max_adapt=1;
for(unsigned i=1;i<nstep;i++)
{
unsteady_newton_solve(dt,max_adapt,false);
doc_solution();
Doc_info.number()++;
}
}
//======================================================================
/// Driver for simple elastic problem
//======================================================================
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
// Store command line arguments
CommandLineArgs::setup(argc,argv);
//Initialise physical parameters
Global_Physical_Variables::E = 1.0; // ADJUST
// "Big G" Linear constitutive equations:
new GeneralisedHookean(&Global_Physical_Variables::Nu,
//Set up the problem:
unsigned case_number=0;
// Pure displacement formulation
{
cout << "Running case " << case_number
<< ": Pure displacement formulation" << std::endl;
problem.run(case_number);
case_number++;
}
// Pressure-displacement with Crouzeix Raviart-type pressure
{
cout << "Running case " << case_number
<< ": Pressure/displacement with Crouzeix-Raviart pressure" << std::endl;
problem;
problem.run(case_number);
case_number++;
}
// Pressure-displacement with Taylor-Hood-type pressure
{
cout << "Running case " << case_number
<< ": Pressure/displacement with Taylor-Hood pressure" << std::endl;
Newmark<1> > problem;
problem.run(case_number);
case_number++;
}
// Clean up
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////...
Definition: shock_disk.cc:208
void dump_it(ofstream &dump_file)
Dump problem-specific parameters values, then dump generic problem data.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:690
void doc_displ_and_veloc(const int &stage=0)
Doc displacement and velocity: label file with before and after.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:613
void doc_solution()
Doc the solution.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:474
void actions_after_adapt()
Actions after adaption: Kill and then re-build the traction elements on boundary 1 and re-assign the ...
Definition: shock_disk.cc:436
DiskShockWaveProblem()
Constructor:
Definition: shock_disk.cc:282
void restart(ifstream &restart_file)
Read problem-specific parameter values, then recover generic problem data.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:702
void run(const unsigned &case_number)
Run the problem; specify case_number to label output directory.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:714
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////...
Definition: shock_disk.cc:103
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////...
Definition: shock_disk.cc:53
double E
Elastic modulus.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:58
void constant_pressure(const Vector< double > &xi, const Vector< double > &x, const Vector< double > &n, Vector< double > &traction)
Constant pressure load.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:67
double P
Uniform pressure.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:64
ConstitutiveLaw * Constitutive_law_pt
Pointer to constitutive law.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:55
double Nu
Poisson's ratio.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:61
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
Driver for simple elastic problem.
Definition: shock_disk.cc:838


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